NMIP

Global Land Nitrogen Budget (N) – Model Intercomparison Project (MIP)

2025

  • Gong, C., Wang, Y., Tian, H., Kou-Giesbrecht, S., Vuichard, N., & Zaehle, S. (2025). Uncertainties in fertilizer-induced emissions of soil nitrogen oxide and the associated impacts on ground-level ozone and methane. EGUsphere, 2025, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1416

  • Jain, A. K., Seshadri, S., Anand, J., Chandra, N., Patra, P. K., Canadell, J. G., A. Chhabra, P. Ciais, H. Gilani, M.K. Gumma, M. Kondo, E. Lokupitiya, N. Pan, H.L. Shrestha, B.N. Siddiqui, H. Tian, Y.K. Tiwari (2025). South Asia’s ecosystems are a net carbon sink, but the region is a major net GHG source to the atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39, e2024GB008261. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008261

  • Pan, N. H. Tian, H. Shi, S. Pan, J.G. Canadell, J. Chang, P. Ciais, E.A. Davidson, G. Hugelius, A. Ito, R.B. Jackson, F. Joos, S. Lienert, D.B. Millet, S. Olin, P.K. Patra, R.L. Thompson, N. Vuichard, K.C. Wells, C. Wilson, Y. You, S. Zaehle (2025) Climate change rivals fertilizer use in driving soil nitrous oxide emissions in the northern high latitudes: Insights from terrestrial biosphere models, Environment International, 196, 109297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109297.

  • Deng, Z., Ciais, P., Hu, L., Martinez, A., Saunois, M., Thompson, R. L., Tibrewal, K., Peters, W., Byrne, B., Grassi, G., Palmer, P. I., Luijkx, I. T., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Fang, X., Wang, T., Tian, H., Tanaka, K., Bastos, A., Sitch, S., Poulter, B., Albergel, C., Tsuruta, A., Maksyutov, S., Janardanan, R., Niwa, Y., Zheng, B., Thanwerdas, J., Belikov, D., Segers, A., and Chevallier, F.: Global greenhouse gas reconciliation 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1121–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1121-2025, 2025.

  • Poulter, B., Murray-Tortarolo, G., Hayes, D. J., Ciais, P., Andrew, R. M., Bastos, A., et al. (2025). The North American greenhouse gas budget: Emissions, removals, and integration for CO2, CH4, and N2O (2010–2019): Results from the Second REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Study (RECCAP2). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39, e2024GB008310. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008310

  • Josep G. Canadell, Benjamin Poulter, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Judith Hauck, Robbie Andrew, Pierre Friedlingstein, Giacomo Grassi, Robert B. Jackson, Jens Daniel Müller, Corinne Le Quéré, Michael O’Sullivan, Prabir Patra, Glen P. Peters, Julia Pongratz, Marielle Saunois, Stephen Sitch, Hanqin Tian, Yohanna Villalobos and Xuhui Wang (2025) From global to national GHG budgets: the regional carbon cycle assessment and processes-3, National Science Review, 12 (4), nwaf037. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf037

  • Qin, X., Tian, H., Canadell, J. G., Shi, Y., Pan, S., Bastos, A., et al. (2025). Greenhouse gas budgets of Central and West Asia (2000–2020): A significant net source to the atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39, e2024GB008370. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB00837

2024

  • Cui, X., Y. Bo, W. Adalibieke, W. Winiwarter, X. Zhang, E. A. Davidson, Z. Sun, H. Tian, P. Smith, and F. Zhou. (2024). The global potential for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from croplands. One Earth, 7(3), 401-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.01.005.

  • Ernst, Y., S. Archibald, H. Balzter, F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, C. G. Fischer, B. Gaubert, T. Higginbottom, S. Higgins, S. Lawal, F. Lacroix, R. Lauerwald, M. Lourenco, C. Martens, A. G. Mengistu, L. Merbold, E. Mitchard, M. Moyo, H. Nguyen, M. O’Sullivan, P. Rodriguez-Veiga, T. Rosan, J. Rosentreter, C. Ryan, S. Scheiter, S. Sitch, N. Stevens, T. Tagesson, H. Tian, M. Wang, J. S. Woon, B. Zheng, Y. Zhou, and R. J. Scholes. (2024). The African regional greenhouse gases budget (2010–2019). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 38(4), e2023GB008016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB008016.

  • Gong, C., H. Tian, H. Liao, N. Pan, S. Pan, A. Ito, A. K. Jain, S. Kou-Giesbrecht, F. Joos, Q. Sun, H. Shi, N. Vuichard, Q. Zhu, C. Peng, F. Maggi, F. H. M. Tang, and S. Zaehle. (2024). Global net climate effects of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen. Nature, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07714-4.

  • Li, L., C. Lu, W. Winiwarter, H. Tian, J. G. Canadell, A. Ito, A. K. Jain, S. Kou‐Giesbrecht, S. Pan, N. Pan, H. Shi, Q. Sun, N. Vuichard, S. Ye, S. Zaehle, and Q. Zhu. (2024). Enhanced nitrous oxide emission factors due to climate change increase the mitigation challenge in the agricultural sector. Global Change Biology, 30(8), e17472. https:// https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17472.

  • Li, Y., H. Tian, Y. Yao, H. Shi, Z. Bian, Y. Shi, S. Wang, T. Maavara, R. Lauerwald, and S. Pan. (2024). Increased nitrous oxide emissions from global lakes and reservoirs since the pre-industrial era. Nature Communications, 15(1), 942. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45061-0.

  • Sun, Q., F. Joos, S. Lienert, S. Berthet, D. Carroll, C. Gong, A. Ito, A. K. Jain, S. Kou‐Giesbrecht, A. Landolfi, M. Manizza, N. Pan, M. Prather, P. Regnier, L. a. Resplandy, R. Seferian, H. Shi, P. Suntharalingam, R. L. Thompson, H. Tian, N. Vuichard, S. Zaehle, and Q. Zhu. (2024). The modeled seasonal cycles of surface N2O fluxes and atmospheric N2O. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 38(7), e2023GB008010. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB008010.

  • Tian, H., N. Pan, R. L. Thompson, J. G. Canadell, P. Suntharalingam, P. Regnier, E. A. Davidson, M. Prather, P. Ciais, M. Muntean, S. Pan, W. Winiwarter, S. Zaehle, F. Zhou, R. B. Jackson, H. W. Bange, S. Berthet, Z. Bian, D. Bianchi, A. F. Bouwman, E. T. Buitenhuis, G. Dutton, M. Hu, A. Ito, A. K. Jain, A. J. Thommes, F. Joos, S. Kou-Giesbrecht, P. B. Krummel, X. Lan, A. Landolfi, R. Lauerwald, Y. Li, C. Lu, T. Maavara, M. Manizza, D. B. Millet, J. Muhle, P. K. Patra, G. P. Peters, X. Qin, P. Raymond, L. Resplandy, J. A. Rosentreter, H. Shi, Q. Sun, D. Tonina, F. N. Tubiello, G. R. van der Werf, N. Vuichard, J. Wang, K. C. Wells, L. M. Western, C. Wilson, J. Yang, Y. Yao, Y. You, and Q. Zhu. (2024). Global nitrous oxide budget (1980–2020). Earth System Science Data, 16(6), 2543-2604. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024.

  • Wang, X., Y. Gao, S. Jeong, A. Ito, A. Bastos, B. Poulter, Y. Wang, P. Ciais, H. Tian, W. Yuan, N. Chandra, F. Chevallier, L. Fan, S. Hong, R. Lauerwald, W. Li, Z. Lin, N. Pan, P. K. Patra, S. Peng, L. Ran, Y. Sang, S. Sitch, M. Takashi, R. L. Thompson, C. Wang, K. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Xi, L. Xu, Y. Yan, J. Yun, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, B. Zheng, F. Zhou, S. Tao, J. G. Canadell, and S. Piao. (2024). The greenhouse gas budget of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia since 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 38(2), e2023GB007865. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007865.

2023

  • Kou-Giesbrecht, S., V. Arora, C. Seiler, A. Arneth, S. Falk, A. Jain, F. Joos, D. Kennedy, J. Knauer, S. Sitch, M. O’Sullivan, N. Pan, Q. Sun, H. Tian, N. Vuichard, and S. Zaehle. (2023). Evaluating nitrogen cycling in terrestrial biosphere models: a disconnect between the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Earth System Dynamics, 14(4), 767-795. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-767-2023.

  • Petrescu, A. M. R., C. Qiu, P. Ciais, R. L. Thompson, P. Peylin, M. J. McGrath, E. Solazzo, G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. N. Tubiello, P. Bergamaschi, D. Brunner, G. P. Peters, L. Höglund-Isaksson, P. Regnier, R. Lauerwald, D. Bastviken, A. Tsuruta, W. Winiwarter, P. K. Patra, M. Kuhnert, G. D. Oreggioni, M. Crippa, M. Saunois, L. Perugini, T. Markkanen, T. Aalto, C. D. G. Zwaaftink, H. Tian, Y. Yao, C. Wilson, G. Conchedda, D. Günther, A. Leip, P. Smith, J.-M. Haussaire, A. Leppänen, A. J. Manning, J. McNorton, P. Brockmann, and A. J. Dolman. (2023). The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990–2019. Earth System Science Data, 15(3), 1197-1268. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023.

2022

  • Deng, Z., P. Ciais, Z. A. Tzompa-Sosa, M. Saunois, C. Qiu, C. Tan, T. Sun, P. Ke, Y. Cui, K. Tanaka, X. Lin, R. L. Thompson, H. Tian, Y. Yao, Y. Huang, R. Lauerwald, A. K. Jain, X. Xu, A. Bastos, S. Stich, P. I. Palmer, A. M. R. Petrescu, S. J. Davis, Z. Liu, G. Grassi, C. Albergel, F. N. Tubiello, L. Perugini, W. Peters, and F. Chevallier. (2022). Comparing national greenhouse gas budgets reported in UNFCCC inventories against atmospheric inversions. Earth System Science Data, 14(4), 1639-1675. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1639-2022.

  • Huang Y, Ciais P, Boucher O, Wang YP, Tian H, Zhou F, Chang J, Li Z, Goll DS, Langenfelds R, Shi H. Increasing sensitivity of terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions to precipitation variations. Environmental Research: Climate. 2022 Dec 1;1(2):025010. https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/aca2d1.

  • Tian, H., Z. Bian, H. Shi, X. Qin, N. Pan, C. Lu, S. Pan, F. N. Tubiello, J. Chang, and G. Conchedda. (2022). History of anthropogenic Nitrogen inputs (HaNi) to the terrestrial biosphere: a 5 arcmin resolution annual dataset from 1860 to 2019. Earth System Science Data, 14(10), 4551-4568. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4551-2022.

2021

  • Guenet, B., B. Gabrielle, C. Chenu, D. Arrouays, J. Balesdent, M. Bernoux, E. Bruni, J. P. Caliman, R. Cardinael, S. Chen, P. Ciais, D. Desbois, J. Fouche, S. Frank, C. Henault, E. Lugato, V. Naipal, T. Nesme, M. Obersteiner, S. Pellerin, D. S. Powlson, D. P. Rasse, F. Rees, J.-F. Soussana, Y. Su, H. Tian, H. Valin, and F. Zhou. (2021). Can N2O emissions offset the benefits from soil organic carbon storage? Global Change Biology, 27(2), 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15342.

  • Roxana Petrescu, A. M., C. Qiu, P. Ciais, R. L. Thompson, P. Peylin, M. J. McGrath, E. Solazzo, G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. N. Tubiello, P. Bergamaschi, D. Brunner, G. P. Peters, L. Höglund-Isaksson, P. Regnier, R. Lauerwald, D. Bastviken, A. Tsuruta, W. Winiwarter, P. K. Patra, M. Kuhnert, G. D. Oreggioni, M. Crippa, M. Saunois, L. Perugini, T. Markkanen, T. Aalto, C. D. G. Zwaaftink, H. Tian, Y. Yao, C. Wilson, G. Conchedda, D. Günther, A. Leip, P. Smith, J.-M. Haussaire, A. Leppänen, A. J. Manning, J. McNorton, P. Brockmann, and A. J. Dolman. (2021). The consolidated European synthesis of CH 4 and N 2 O emissions for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990-2017. Earth System Science Data, 13(5), 2307-2362. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021.

  • Xu, R., H. Tian, N. Pan, R. L. Thompson, J. G. Canadell, E. A. Davidson, C. Nevison, W. Winiwarter, H. Shi, S. Pan, J. Chang, P. Ciais, S. R. S. Dangal, A. Ito, R. B. Jackson, F. Joos, and R. Lauerwald. (2021). Magnitude and uncertainty of nitrous oxide emissions from North America based on bottom‐up and top‐down approaches: Informing future research and national inventories. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(23), e2021GL095264. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095264.

2020

  • Dangal, S. R., H. Tian, S. Pan, L. Zhang, and R. Xu. (2020). Greenhouse gas balance in global pasturelands and rangelands. Environmental Research Letters, 15(10), 104006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abaa79.

  • Tian, H., R. Xu, J. G. Canadell, R. L. Thompson, W. Winiwarter, P. Suntharalingam, E. A. Davidson, P. Ciais, R. B. Jackson, G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. J. Prather, P. Regnier, N. Pan, S. Pan, G. P. Peters, H. Shi, F. N. Tubiello, S. Zaehle, F. Zhou, A. Arneth, G. Battaglia, S. Berthet, L. Bopp, A. F. Bouwman, E. T. Buitenhuis, J. Chang, M. P. Chipperfield, S. R. S. Dangal, E. Dlugokencky, J. W. Elkins, B. D. Eyre, B. Fu, B. Hall, A. Ito, F. Joos, P. B. Krummel, A. Landolfi, G. G. Laruelle, R. Lauerwald, W. Li, S. Lienert, T. Maavara, M. MacLeod, D. B. Millet, S. Olin, P. K. Patra, R. G. Prinn, P. A. Raymond, D. J. Ruiz, G. R. v. d. Werf, N. Vuichard, J. Wang, R. F. Weiss, K. C. Wells, C. Wilson, J. Yang, and Y. Yao. (2020). A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks. Nature, 586(7828), 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0.

  • Xu, R., H. Tian, S. Pan, S. A. Prior, Y. Feng, and S. R. Dangal. (2020). Global N2O emissions from cropland driven by nitrogen addition and environmental factors: comparison and uncertainty analysis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 34(12), e2020GB006698. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006698.

  • Yao, Y., H. Tian, H. Shi, S. Pan, R. Xu, N. Pan, and J. G. Canadell. (2020). Increased global nitrous oxide emissions from streams and rivers in the Anthropocene. Nature Climate Change, 10(2), 138-142. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0665-8.

2019

  • Dangal, S. R., H. Tian, R. Xu, J. Chang, J. G. Canadell, P. Ciais, S. Pan, J. Yang, and B. Zhang. (2019). Global Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Pasturelands and Rangelands: Magnitude, Spatiotemporal Patterns, and Attribution. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 33(2), 200-222. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006091.

  • Tian, H., J. Yang, R. Xu, C. Lu, J. G. Canadell, E. A. Davidson, R. B. Jackson, A. Arneth, J. Chang, P. Ciais, S. Gerber, A. Ito, F. Joos, S. Lienert, P. Messina, S. Olin, S. Pan, C. Peng, E. Saikawa, R. L. Thompson, N. Vuichard, W. Winiwarter, S. Zaehle, and B. Zhang. (2019). Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. Global change biology, 25(2), 640-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14514.

  • Xu, R., H. Tian, S. Pan, S. R. Dangal, J. Chen, J. Chang, Y. Lu, U. M. Skiba, F. N. Tubiello, and B. Zhang. (2019). Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world’s grassland: 1860–2016. Earth System Science Data, 11(1), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-175-2019.

  • Xu, R., H. Tian, S. Pan, S. A. Prior, Y. Feng, W. D. Batchelor, J. Chen, and J. Yang. (2019). Global ammonia emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications in agricultural systems: Empirical and process‐based estimates and uncertainty. Global Change Biology, 25(1), 314-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14499.

2018

  • Tian, H., J. Yang, C. Lu, R. Xu, J. G. Canadell, R. B. Jackson, A. Arneth, J. Chang, G. Chen, P. Ciais, S. Gerber, A. Ito, Y. Huang, F. Joos, S. Lienert, P. Messina, S. Olin, S. Pan, C. Peng, E. Saikawa, R. L. Thompson, N. Vuichard, W. Winiwarter, S. Zaehle, B. Zhang, K. Zhang, and Q. Zhu. (2018). The Global N2O Model Intercomparison Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(6), 1231-1251. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0212.1.

2017

  • Lu, C., and H. Tian. (2017). Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance. Earth System Science Data, 9(1), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-181-2017.

  • Xu, R., H. Tian, C. Lu, S. Pan, J. Chen, J. Yang, and B. Zhang. (2017). Preindustrial nitrous oxide emissions from the land biosphere estimated by using a global biogeochemistry model. Climate of the Past, 13(7), 977-990. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-977-2017.

  • Zhang, B., H. Tian, C. Lu, S. R. Dangal, J. Yang, and S. Pan. (2017). Global manure nitrogen production and application in cropland during 1860–2014: a 5 arcmin gridded global dataset for Earth system modeling. Earth System Science Data, 9(2), 667-678. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-667-2017.

Book Chapters:

  • Thompson, R. and H. Tian (2024) Nitrous Oxide Sources and Trends, In Global Nitrous Oxide Assessment, published by Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), United Nations Environment Programme.

  • Josep G Canadell, Pedro MS Monteiro, Marcos H Costa, Leticia Cotrim Da Cunha, Peter M Cox, V Alexey, Stephanie Henson, Masao Ishii, Samuel Jaccard, Charles Koven, Annalea Lohila, Prabir K Patra, Shilong Piao, Stephen Syampungani, Sönke Zaehle, Kirsten Zickfeld, Georgii A Alexandrov, Govindasamy Bala, Laurent Bopp, Lena Boysen, Long Cao, Naveen Chandra, Philippe Ciais, Sergey N Denisov, Frank J Dentener, Hervé Douville, Amanda Fay, Piers Forster, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Pierre Friedlingstein, Weiwei Fu, Sabine Fuss, Véronique Garçon, Bettina Gier, Nathan P Gillett, Luke Gregor, Karsten Haustein, Vanessa Haverd, Jian He, Helene T Hewitt, Forrest M Hoffman, Tatiana Ilyina, Robert Jackson, Christopher Jones, David P Keller, Lester Kwiatkowski, Robin D Lamboll, Xin Lan, Charlotte Laufkötter, Corinne Le Quéré, Andrew Lenton, Jared Lewis, Spencer Liddicoat, Laura Lorenzoni, Nicole Lovenduski, Andrew H Macdougall, Sabine Mathesius, Damon H Matthews, Malte Meinshausen, Igor I Mokhov, Vaishali Naik, Zebedee RJ Nicholls, Intan Suci Nurhati, Michael O’sullivan, Glen Peters, Julia Pongratz, Benjamin Poulter, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Marielle Saunois, Edward AG Schuur, Sonia I Seneviratne, Ann Stavert, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Kaoru Tachiiri, Jens Terhaar, Rona Thompson, Hanqin Tian, Jocelyn Turnbull, Sergio M Vicente-Serrano, Xuhui Wang, Rik Wanninkhof, Phil41 Williamson, Victor Brovkin, Richard A Feely, Alice D Lebehot (2021) IPCC AR6 WGI, Final Government Distribution, chapter 5 Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks.